Twarp

Twarp is like plainpv except that it works from an analysis file rather than a soundfile. This allows you to move forwards/backwards through time according to a time function file.

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Amplitude Reports Print Mode
Analysis Frames
Auto Stop
Begin Time in Seconds
Decibels of Variation
Envelope Attack
Envelope Release
EQ - Low Shelf Gain
EQ - High Shelf Gain
EQ - Low Shelf Frequency
EQ - High Shelf Frequency
Frequency Change Response Time
Frequency Shift Factor
Gain in Decibels
Low To High Transition Shape Index
Oscillator Resynthesis Threshold in Decibels
Output Duration in Seconds
Output Format
Peak Rescale Level
Pitch Transposition in Semitones
Pvanalysis File
Random Amplitude Variation Response Time in Seconds
Random Frequency Variation Distribution Curve Index
Random Frequency Variation Proportion
Random Frequency Variation Response Time in Seconds
Random Frequency Variation High Shelf Frequency
Random Frequency Variation Low Shelf Frequency
Rate Multiplier
Resynthesis Channel
Spectrum Compression Threshold in Decibels
Spectrum Decibels of Compression
Time Interval Between Reports
Time Point Dither Window Size in Seconds
Time Point Mode
Time Point Origin
Time Window: Lower Boundary
Time Window: Upper Boundary
Timepoint Change Response Time in Seconds
Warp Index for Reshaping Magnitude
Window Size in Samples
Window Type

Amplitude Reports Print Mode

Two flags are provided for controlling the output amplitude statistics; one turns the statistics on or off, and the other sets how often they will be reported. The statistics provide the peak output level in amplitude and decibels. With integer format output files, output values exceeding the normalized peak amplitude of 1. (0 dB) are clipped to a value of 1.0, and the statistics placed in clip mode; in clip mode reports are made only for frames where clipping occurs. The peak amplitude, its time, and the number of clipped samples are reported at the end of processing. With floating-point format output files, output values exceeding the normalized peak amplitude of 1. are not clipped since they will be rescaled in the second pass; output statistics proceed normally throughout. The levels before and after rescaling are reported at the end of processing.

0 turns amplitude reports off, 1 turns them on.


Analysis Frames

This controls how often the phase vocoder will perform an analysis on the signal. It is a translation of the classic decimation control that specifies how many samples to skip between analysis frames. More frames increases the resolution of time but decrease speed. 200 frames per second is a good reference point. If you expand time you should increase this proportionately to maintain about 200 or more frames per second.


Auto Stop

When on, this parameter terminates synthesis if a window boundary is reached. 0 is off, 1 is on.


Begin Time

The time, in seconds, at which to begin processing the soundfile.


Decibels of Variation

The amount of variation that will be used in the random amplitude variation.


End Time

The time, in seconds, at which to stop processing the soundfile. 0 or less is equivalent to the duration of the soundfile.


Envelope Modifications

The rate at which amplitude changes are allowed to occur effects how smooth spectral evolutions will be. To control this, many routines contain attack and decay response times controls: once translated these controls manipulate the coefficients of the following filter.

y(n) = (1. - A) * x(n) + A * y(n)

The filter is a lowpass designed to increasingly smooth the sudden changes in a signal as the value of the coefficient, A, is increased. Its control is through the response time parameter which is the time in seconds it takes a signal, shifting from one state to another, to decay to -60 dB of its former state. Response times are transformed to create the necessary coefficients for the selected frame rate. The response time is separated into attack and decay; this allows seperate control of the smoothing of the signal depending upon whether it is increasing or decreasing in amplitude. Short attack/decay response times can be used in places where dynamic processing induces garble or even pops. You can use longer response times to generally smooth or blur the onset/offset of sound components, particularly if the response controls are being applied to a time-varying filter. When applied to amplitudes, longer decay respsonse-times do not sound good, for in their delay of the decay, they end up amplifying te residual noise of a sound.

Envelope Attack Time

Envelope attack time affects the speed at which the amplitude of a sound changes. Large values blur the sound's attack, smaller values sharpen it.

Envelope Release Time

Envelope release time affects the speed at which the amplitude of a sound changes. Large values cause the sound to fade for a longer period, smaller values cause the sound to cut off more suddenly.


Low/High Shelf Equalization

Equalization has been provided at various points in routines to allow for the needed adjustment of spectra. The EQ consists of low and hi shelf segments, whose width is adjusted through control of the shelf breakpoint frequency. The region between the shelf segments is represented by a linear decibel gradient between the decibel levels of the two shelves. Some routines implement the EQ before pitch changes, others after. EQ placed before pitch changes (pre-transpose/shift) will cause the EQ to be transposed with the pitch changes, whereas afterwards (post-transpose/shift) will keep them fixed as shifts and transpositions occur.

Low Shelf Gain

Determines how the amplitude of sounds below the low shelf frequency will be affected.

High Shelf Gain

Determines how the amplitude of sounds above the high shelf frequency will be affected.

Low Shelf Frequency

Determines the frequency below which the low shelf gain will be used.

High Shelf Frequency

Determines the frequency above which the high shelf gain will be used.


Frequency Change Response Time


Frequency Shift Factor

With the frequency shift control, a constant or function value is added to all the bin frequencies to produce a nonlinear pitch domain translation of the spectrum. Frequency shift is related to things like ring modulation and their similarly nonlinear shifts of pitch characteristics. Use this to create small distortions of the harmonic integrity of a sound.


Gain in Decibels

The output and other components can be gained. 0 dB represents unity gain, no change. A change of +/- 6 dB represents a doubling or halving of the amplitude. Increments of 10 dB are loosely associated with one change in dynamic level.


Low to High Transition Shape Index

Determines the shape of the transition from no variation below the low frequency to full variation above the high frequency. 0 equals a linear curve, higher positive values generate an accelerating curve, and lower negative values a decellerating curve.


Oscillator Resynthesis Threshold in Decibels

The phase vocoder resynthesizes the signal using one of two methods, depending on the type of changes made to the FFT. If the changes are only to the magnitudes (amplitudes), then the faster overlap/add method is used. If however changes in frequency are made, then the FFT integrity is compromised, necessitating use of the oscillator bank method in which each bin is synthesized as a sine wave changing in frequency and amplitude. This method is slower, although a resynthesis threshold is available that can be used to increase the computation speed by turning off bins whose amplitude falls below the threshold. A threshold of -60dB is appropriate, although safety warrants using a lower threshold if the spectrum is thin and its decays exposed; use your ear.


Output Duration in Seconds

Duration of the output soundfile.


Output Format

The output sound file is written as a NeXT/Sun format sound file in either 16-bit short or 32-bit floating point format, of one or more channels. The channels are processed one at a time beginning with the first channel. The first pass writes zeros in the channels yet to be processed, replacing them when processing proceeds to those channels.

0 tells PVCX to use the format of the input file, 1 equals integer format, and 2 equals rescaled floats.


Peak Rescale Level

Selection of the floating-point, output-file format invokes an amplitude rescaling feature. Once processing is complete, a second pass through the sound file is made to rescale the values to the decibel level specified. A dB rescale level of 1 causes rescaling to the level of the original input file.


Pitch Transposition in Semitones

With the pitch transposition control, a constant or function value is multiplied against all bin frequncies. This is classic transposition, here specified in semitones of transposition (12 semitones equals an octave). Conversion is made to produce the appropriate frequency multiplier.


Pvanalysis File

If the 'Use existing Pvanalysis' button is on, this field contains the path of the pvanalysis file to use.


Random Amplitude Variation Response Time in Seconds


Random Frequency Variation Distribution Curve Index


Random Frequency Variation Proportion


Random Frequency Variation Response Time in Seconds


Random Variation High Shelf Frequency

Above this frequency there will be full random amplitude variation.


Random Variation Low Shelf Frequency

Below this frequency there will be full random amplitude variation.


Rate Multiplier

The rate at which data is read in rate mode. In explicit mode, this parameter is ignored.


Resynthesis Channel

All routines allow both monophonic and multi-channel input files to be processed. With multi-channelled files, you can either select one channel and produce a monophonic output file, or process all the channels. Channels are numbered beginning with 1. Processing of multi-channelled files is done one channel at a time beginning with channel 1, with zeros written to channels which have yet to be processed. Processing one channel at a time requires less memory and allows you to audition the output sooner than if you did all channels at once.

Use 0 to process all channels.


Spectrum Compression Threshold in Decibels

Determines the threshold for compression. Any frequency louder than this parameter will be compressed.


Spectrum Decibels of Compression

Determines how much to reduce frequencies louder than the compression threshold by.


Rate Multiplier

The rate at which data is read in rate mode. In explicit mode, this parameter is ignored.


Time Interval Between Reports

Determines the interval in seconds of the soundfile between amplitude reports. See Amplitude Reports Print Mode for a further explaination.


Time Point Dither Window in Seconds


Time Point Mode

"Affects the instrument when functions are used for both time point origin and rate multiplier.

0 equals shift mode. In shift mode, the change in the time point origin function is added to the current position.

1 equals reset mode. In rest mode, the current position is reset to the time point origin function value when the time point origin function changes state.

If the two aren't both functions, use either a constant time point origin with a constant or function for the rate, or a rate_multiplier of 0 with a continuous time point origin function.


Time Point Origin


Time Window: Lower Boundary

Determines the earliest time in seconds of the analyzed sound to read from.

Note that the window is circular; once the end is reached, the beginning will be read from again unless auto-stop is on.


Time Window: Upper Boundary

Determines the latest time in seconds of the analyzed sound to read from. If it is less than 0, this parameter defaults to the file duration.

Note that the window is circular; once the end is reached, the beginning will be read from again unless auto-stop is on.


Timepoint Change Response Time in Seconds


Warp Index for Reshaping Magnitude Response

Many of the routines employ the principle of warping in which a distribution of values is transformed by an identity function. In these places an exponential function is employed to remap a 0-1 range of values into a new orientation that preserves the minima (0) and maxima (1) while bringing the distribution closer to either extreme as a result of the curvature of the exponential function selected. The curvature of the exponential function is selected through a warp index. Specifically, warp index w will reorient the input x through the function below (^ = exponentiation).

y = (1. - (e^(x * w))) / (1. - (e^w))

In this function, the warp index of 0 produces a linear function and an untransformed output. Positive warp index values of increasing magnitude produce curves of increasing concavity (increasing slope) that draw values towards the 0-valued minima, and reduce the function integral. Negative values do the opposite, drawing values towards the maxima of 1, increasing the integral.

The practical use of this mechanism is found in various places. One such place is the reshaping of the frequency response distribution characteristics. In this, positive warp indeces cause the peaks of the response to be accentuated while the weaker frequencies are expanded out (i.e. pushed towards 0). Negative values have the opposite effect as they compress the dynamic range of the response and raise the relative level of the weaker noise components. Another place where warp applies is in the remapping of FFT amplitudes through the spectrum warpshape. In this, the sucessive FFT frames have their amplitudes remapped by the identity function, similiarly expanding or compressing the dynamic range depending upon the warp specified; 0 (linear warp function) leaves the amplitudes unchanged.


Window Size in Samples

The window size is a less opaque parameter; like the FFT, it must be a power of 2. Windows twice the size of the FFT work well. Larger window sizes may resolve frequencies better. Specifying 0 for the window size will automatically set the window to twice the FFT size.


Window Type

The FFT and inverse FFT are computed using a window. Like the FFT size, the shape of the window used can effect the quality of the analysis and resynthesis. (See F.R.Moore, Stieglitz, or Roads for further explanation.) A variety of windows are available including: Hamming, Rectangular, Blackman, Triangular, and Kaiser (in 8 different forms as related to 8 different alpha values). Blackman (-w2) or Kaiser (-w8) are recommended for most applications. In some unusual cases where transient behavior is being lost, consider using other windows such as the Rectangular, although take care to assure that it is not producing pops or a buzzy sound.